The story of the “downward moving” of Nigi-hayahi-no mikoto as the source on the migration of a population group from Kyushu Island to Central Japan in the mid-3d century AD

Abstract

The article analyses the historical basis of the ancient Japanese legend about a “downward moving” Nigi-hayahi-no mikoto together with his associates, which is little known and unexplored in Western and Russian historical science. The legend tells about their resettlement to the Central Japan from the Ama country (“Heavenly”). This story about the ancestors of the ancestral group of the Mononobe-uji clan is most fully reflected in the source of the early 9 century – “Kūji-honki”. As early as the late 19 century, it was suggested that this story was a reflection of the history of the relocation of an ethnic group from western Japan, the events of which preceded the founding of the Yamato state. The legend is told about people, “downward moving” from the Ama country which researchers identify with the country of the sea people ama as a part of which there were Tsushima and Iki islands and also the coast of northwest Kyushu (Na and Ito districts). Despite the attempt of the “Kūji-honki”'s authors to present Nigi-hayahi as a relative of the ancestors of the Yamato dynasty founder, this was likely not the case: the ancestors of Nigi-hayahi could be from the Izumo region in western Honshu. The homeland of Nigi-hayahi could be Matsura district, and the place of his life and service could be the Ito district in north-western Kyushu, where there was the Fuku-maru toponym, which designated the indigenous territories of the Mononobe-uji clan (descendants of Nigi-hayahi-no mikoto). According to researchers, the associates of Nigi-hayahi were natives from northern Kyushu and from the Tsushima and Iki islands. Dating of the events described in the story, based on genealogical details, as well as the results of the analysis of the spread of toponyms of the North Kyushu region’s Ito (so-called maru-timei, transferred to the Yamato area) and related archaeological objects, is defined by researchers as the mid-3d century AD: around 245-250 AD. There was indeed a relocation from North Kyushu to Kinai, with which the foundation in the middle of the third century of the Makimuku large settlement in Central Japan was connected. Comparing these findings with reports of Chinese dynastic histories in mid-3d century south-western Japan leads us to conclude that Nigi-hayahi-no mikoto and the people accompanying him in the relocation may have been involved in the power struggle that took place in the Nü-wang-guo state after the death of the woman-ruler Bimihu (Jap. Himiko) in 247-248 AD. Nigi-hayahi-no mikoto and his supporters opposed Yi-yü (Bimihu’s woman–successor). And, having been defeated in the political struggle, they had to leave Kyushu and go on a trip to the east, bringing to Central Japan the “Yamato” toponym (by the name of the main district of the Nü-wang-guo state, where the residence of the head of this federation was located). In the future, it is possible to establish areas of the settlement of Nigi Hayahi and its associates, as well as archaeological sites related to this migration.

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