INTERACTIONS OF NORTHERN YAKUT OLONKHO AND FOLKLORE OF EVENKS AND EVENS

Abstract

The article attempts to analyze the history of the study of the heroic epic Olonkho of the northern Yakuts and the epic traditions of the Dolgans, Evens and Evenkis for the period from the XIX century to the beginning of the XXI century and systematize the achievements of several generations of epic specialists who took part in understanding the mutual influence of the Yakut olonkho with the epic tradition of the abovementioned Siberian peoples of Russia from the point of view of modern science. It is assumed that the olonkho of the northern Yakuts and the epics of small peoples of the North of Yakutia as a result of cultural interaction could not but undergo a significant interaction. The epic heritage of the northern Yakuts, as well as the epic of the northern peoples, arose and developed in a particular socio-historical, common, cultural context, ideologically, worldview, artistically corresponding to the mentality of the ethnic groups inhabiting the Arctic zone of Yakutia, significantly different in the manner of performance, composition of characters, subject structure, language. The purpose of the article is to analyze the sources and works that to some extent dealt with the problems of interaction and interinfluence of the northern Olonkho and the folklore of the Evenkis and Evens. The fundamental theoretical and methodological principle of the research is the identification and analysis of sources and works, suggesting a consistent and systematic study of a set of problems related to issues of the regional olonkho tradition, interaction and mutual influence of the northern olonkho and Evenkis and Evens folklore. At present, the study of the northern Olonkho and the epic tradition of the small peoples of the North (Evenkis and Evens) does not stand still – it has reached a certain stage of development, separate questions have been developed concerning typology, performing arts, textology, studying of plots, the language of the epic, etc. At the same time, it should be stated that there is no overall picture of the formation and development of the northern Olonkho, as well as its features in the process of interaction and interinfluence with the epic culture of the peoples of the Arctic. Researchers who repeatedly referred to the epic of the northern Yakuts and the folklore of the Evenkis and Evens, each separately, undoubtedly made their invaluable contribution, but the results of their research are highly specialized, determined by the scientific interests of these researchers, and today there is a lack of an interdisciplinary approach to the scientific research.

Acknowledgments: The study was prepared within the framework of the RFFR, project No. 18-412-140013 p_a “The Epic Heritage of the Arctic (Northern) Yakuts in the Context of Ethnic History (the Problem of Interaction and Mutual Influence)”.

References

1. Hudjakov I. A. Kratkoe opisanie Verhojanskogo okruga [Brief description of Verkhoyansky district]. Leningrad, Nauka, Leningradskoe otdelenie, 1969, 439 p.
2. Seroshevskij V. L. Jakuty. Opyt jetnograficheskogo issledovanija[Yakuts. Experience of ethnographic research]. Moscow, Assoc. “Ros. polit. jencikl.”, 1993, 736 p.
3. Okladnikov A. P. Jakutskij jepos (olonho), i ego svjaz' s jugom[Yakut epic (olonkho) and its connection with the South]. Yakutsk, Sajdam, 2013, 64 p.
4. Ksenofontov G. V. Uraanghaj sahalar: ocherki po drevnej istorii jakutov. T. 1. Kn. 2 [Uraangkhai Sakhalar: Essays on the Ancient History of the Yakuts. Vol. 1. Book 2]. Yakutsk, Nac. izd-vo Resp. Saha (Jakutija), 1992, 416 p.
5. Gurvich I. S. Kul'tura severnyh jakutov-olenevodov. K voprosu o pozdnih jetapah formirovanija jakutskogo naroda [Culture of the Northern Yakut reindeer herders. On the question of the late stages of the formation of the Yakut people]. Moscow, Nauka, 1977, 246 p.
6. Hudjakov I. A. Verhojanskij sbornik: jakutskie skazki, pesni, zagadki i poslovicy, a takzhe rus. skazki i pesni, zap. v Verhojan. okr.[Verkhoyansk collection: Yakut tales, songs, riddles and proverbs, as well as Russian fairy tales and songs, recorded in Verkhoyansky district]. Irkutsk, Tip. K. I. Vitkovskogo, 1890. 2, II, 2, 314 p. (Zap. VSOIRGO (OJe); T. 1, vyp. 3. [Notes of the East-Siberian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society of Ethnography; Vol. 1, iss. 3]).

1. Haan D'argystaj: olonho [Khaan Dzhargystay: olonkho]. Zap. I. A. Hudjakov; podg. k pechati V. V. Illarionov. Yakutsk, Alaas, 2016, 232 p. (In Yakut lang.)
2. Gorohov N. S. Jurjung-Uolan. Jakutskaja skazka. Ch. 1 [Yurung-Uolan. Yalu fairy tale]. In: Izvestia Vost.-Sib. otd. Imp. Rus. Geogr. O-va [Proceedings of Eastern-Siberian department of IRGO]. Irkutsk, 1884, vol. 15, No. 5-6.
3. D'jeһijej sahalaryn fol'klora [Yessey Yakut’s folklore]. Homujan oҥordular: N. V. Emel'janov, A. I. Savvinov. Yakutsk, Agroinform, 2002, 228 p. (In Yakut lang.)
4. Tomskaja D. A. Juchjugej Judjugjujen, Kuһagan Hod'ugur: olonho [Uchjugej Udjugjujen, Kusagan Hodzhugur: olonkho]. Per. E. S. Sidorov. Yakutsk, Izd-vo IGIiPMNS SO RAN, 2011, 374 p. (In Yakut and Russ. lang.)
5. Illarionov V. V. D'aangy olonhoһuttaryn jugestere [Traditions of Yana olonkhosuts]. Yakutsk, Bichik, 2006, 158 p. (In Yakut lang.)
6. Kyys Kylaabynaj buhatyyr: olonho [Kyys Kylaabynai the Warrior: olonkho]. Sost.: V. V. Illarionov, N. A. Orosina, A. D. Tatarinova; olonhosut D. A. Tomskaja – Chajka; per. na rus. jaz. A. E. Shaposhnikova; per. na angl. jaz. V. K. Neustroeva. Yakutsk, Alaas, 2016, 240 p. (In Yakut, Russ., Eng. lang.)
7. Tomskaja D. A. Omunnaajy Buhatyyr: olonho [Omunnaajy Buhatyyr: olonkho]. Yakutsk, IGIiPMNS SO RAN, 2016, 204 p. (In Yakut lang.)
8. Tomskaja D. A. Haan Ilbistjeen Buhatyyr; Kemjus Mekjuljukeen ogonn'or, Jelgeen Ijehsit jemeehsin: olonholor [Khaan Ilbisteen the Warrior; Old man Kemyus Mekyulyukeen, old woman Jelgeen Ijehsit: olonkhos]. Becheekke belemneetiler A. A Kuz'mina, A. N. Danilova. Yakutsk, Alaas, 2016, 128 p. (In Yakut lang.)
9. Popov A. A. Dolganskij fol'klor [Dolgan folklore]. Leningrad, Sov. pisatel', 1937, 260 p.
10. Efremov P. E. Dolganskoe olonho [Dolgan olonkho]. Yakutsk, Jak. kn. izd-vo, 1984, 132 p.
11. Fol'klor dolgan [Dolgan folklore]. Sost. P. E. Efremov. Novosibirsk, Izd-vo In-ta arheologii i jetnografii SO RAN, 2000, 448 p.
12. Alekseeva G. G. Narodno-pesennoe tvorchestvo v sisteme tradicionnoj muzykal'noj kul'tury dolgan [Folk song creativity in the system of traditional musical culture of the Dolgans]. Yakutsk, JaF Izd-va SO RAN, 2005, 438 p.
13. Puhov I. V. Jakutskij geroicheskij jepos olonho: osnovnye obrazy[Yakut heroic epic olonkho: main images]. Moscow, Nauka, 1962, 256 p.
14. Emel'janov N. V. Sjuzhety jakutskih olonho [Plots of Yakut olonkho]. Moscow, Nauka, 1980, 375 p.
15. Emel'janov N. V. Sjuzhety rannih tipov jakutskih olonho [Plots of early types of Yakut olonkho]. Moscow, Nauka, 1983, 248 p.
16. Emel'janov N. V. Sjuzhety olonho o zashchitnikah plemeni [Plots olonkho about the assertors of the tribe]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, Sib. izdat. firma RAN, 2000, 187 p.
17. Emel'janov N. V. Sjuzhety olonho o rodonachal'nikah plemeni [Plots olonkho about the ancestors of the tribe]. Moscow, Nauka, 1990, 208 p.
18. Gorohov M. N. Kyydaannaah Kyys Buhatyyr: olonho [Warrior woman Kyydaannaakh Kyys: olonkho]. Yakutsk, Bichik, 2016, 208 p. (Saha booturdara: 21 t.; T. 17 [Sakha booturs: 21 vol.; Vol. 17]). (In Yakut lang.)
19. Muoma olonholoro [Olonkho of Moma]. Sost. V. V. Illarionov, T. V. Illarionova. Yakutsk, Bichik, 2004, 240 p. (Saha booturdara: 21 t.; T. 4 [Sakha booturs: 21 vol.; Vol. 4]). (In Yakut lang.)
20. Ejmekeen olonholoro [Olonkho of Oimyakon]. Sost. V. V. Illarionov, N. A. Orosina. Yakutsk, Bichik, 2017, 192 p. (Saha booturdara: 21 t.; T. 19 [Sakha booturs: 21 vol.; Vol. 19]). (In Yakut lang.)
21. Nikiforov V. M. Ot arhaicheskogo olonho k rannefeodal'nomu jeposu: istorija fiksacij i specifika interpretacij [From the archaic olonkho to the early feudal epic: the history of fixations and the specifics of interpretations]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2010, 139 p.
22. Muhopleva S. D. Jepos severnyh jakutov-olenevodov: istorija sobiranija, izdanija i issledovanija [Epic of the Northern Yakut-herders: a history of collecting, publishing and research]. In: Tradicionnaja kul'tura [Traditional culture]. 2015, pp. 117-132.
23. Danilova A. N. Obraz zhenshchiny-bogatyrki v jakutskom olonho [Image of a woman warrior in the Yakut olonkho]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 2014, 166 p.
24. Danilova A. N. Zhenskie obrazy v olonho D. A. Tomskoj “Juchjugej Judjugjujen, Kusagan Hodzhugur” [Female images in olonkho of D. A. Tomskaya “Yuchyugey Yudyuguyen, Kusagan Hodzhugur”]. In: Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktiki[Philoligal sciences. Questions of theory and practice]. 2014, No. 2-1 (32), pp. 82-84.
25. Danilova A. N. Osobennosti olonho D. A. Tomskoj (“Kemjus Mekjuljukeen starik, Jelgeen Ijijehsit staruha”) [Features of olonkho (“Old man Kemyus Mekyulyukeen, old woman Jelgeen Iyiehsit”)]. In: Arktika i Sever v sovremennyh gumanitarnyh issledovanijah: sb. nauch. st. [The Arctic and the North in modern humanitarian studies. Collection of scientific articles]. Yakutsk, IGIiPMNS SO RAN, 2018, pp. 125-129.
26. Kuz'mina A. A. Verhojanskaja tradicija olonho [Verkhoyansky tradition of olonkho]. In: Filologicheskie nauki. Voprosy teorii i praktika [Philological sciences. Questions of theory and practice]. Tambov, Gramota, 2015, No. (43). In 2 parts. Part. 2, pp. 113-115.
27. Korjakina A. F. Jepicheskie tradicii i osobennosti v sjuzhetnoj strukture olonho D. M. Slepcova “Kjotjor Mjulgjun” [Epic traditions and peculiarities in the “Kyotyor Myulgyun” olonkho by D. M. Sleptsov]. In: Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal'nogo universiteta imeni M. K. Ammosova: Serija Jeposovedenie [Vestnik of Notrh-Eastern Federal university: Series Epic studies]. 2016, No. 3 (3), pp. 44-48. doi: 10.25587/SVFU.2016.3.10866.
28. Korjakina A. F. Osobennosti v obraznoj sisteme i sjuzhete srednekolymskogo olonho [Features in the image system and plot of the srednekolimsk olonkho]. In: Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal'nogo universiteta imeni M. K. Ammosova: Serija Jeposovedenie [Vestnik of Notrh-Eastern Federal university: Series Epic studies]. 2018, No. 1 (9), pp. 83-90. doi: 10.25587/SVFU.2018.9.11685.
29. Koryakina A. & Zhirkova E. Stable and Transformed Motives in the Yakut Olonkho (Northern Epic Tradition). In: Journal of History Culture and Art Research. No. 7 (3), pp. 99-107. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7596/taksad.v7i3.1722.
30. Borisov Ju. P. Ustojchivye konstrukcii v olonho “Jeris hallaan uola Jer Sogotoh” [Stable phrases in olonkho “Eris khallaan uola Er Sogotokh” by G. F. Nikulin]. In: Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal'nogo universiteta imeni M. K. Ammosova: Serija Jeposovedenie [Vestnik of Notrh-Eastern Federal university: Series Epic studies]. 2016, No. 4 (4), pp. 52-62. doi: 10.25587/SVFU.2016.4.10856.
31. Pavlova O. K. Severo-vostochnaja tradicija v olonho jakutov: obrazy, sjuzhety, pojetika [North-Eastern tradition in the Yakut olonkho: images, plots, poetics]. Avtoref. diss. … k. filol. n. Majkop, 2018, 22 p.
32. Romanova A. V., Myreeva A. N. Fol'klor jevenkov Jakutii[Folklore of Evenkis of Yakutia]. Leningrad, Nauka, 1971, 334 p.
33. Voskobojnikov M. G. O fol'klore jevenkov Pribajkal'ja [About folklore of Evenkis of Pribaykalye]. In: Fol'klor jevenkov Pribajkal'ja [Folklore of Evenkis of Pribaykalye]. Ulan-Udje, Burjatskoe kn. izd-vo, 1967, pp. 3-21.
34. Vasilevich G. M. Istoricheskij fol'klor jevenkov: skazanija i predanija [Historical folklore of the Evenkis: legends and traditions]. Leningrad, Leningradskoe otd-e izd-va «Nauka», 1966, 399 p.
35. Varlamova G. I. Zhili jeti ljudi, kogda tepereshnjaja Zemlja tol'ko zarozhdalas'… [These people lived when the present Earth was only born ...]. In: Kjeptukje G., Robbek V. Tungusskij arhaicheskij jepos (jevenkijskie i jevenskie geroicheskie skazanija) [Tungus archaic epic (Heroic epic of Evenkis and Evens)]. Yakutsk, Izd-vo IGIiPMNS SO RAN, 2002, pp. 3-19.
36. Varlamov A. N. Specifika istorizma v fol'klore jevenkov[Specifics of historicism in the Evenk folklore]. Diss. … d. filol. n. Yakutsk, 2011, 430 p.
37. Novgorodov I. N. Jakutsko-jevenkijskie jazykovye vzaimosvjazi[Yakut-Evenk language interrelations]. Avtoref. diss. … k. filol. n. Kazan', 2009, 43 p.
38. Novgorodov I. N. O gipoteze jazykovogo sdviga u jevenkov pri formirovanii jakutskogo jazyka [On the hypothesis of a language shift in the Evenki when forming the Yakut language]. In: Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Serija 13. Vostokovedenie [Herald of Moscow university. Series 13. Oriental Studies]. Moscow, 2009, No. 1, pp. 98-104.
39. Lebedeva Zh. K. Arhaicheskij jepos jevenov [Archaic epic of Evens]. Novosibirsk, Nauka, 1981, 158 p.
40. Novikova K. A. Jevenskij fol'klor. Skazki. Predanija i legendy. Pesni. Zagadki [Even folklore. Fairy tales. Legends. Songs. Riddles]. Magadan, Magadanskoe kn. izd-vo, 1958, 120 p.
41. Burykin A. A. K problematike issledovanija jakutsko-tungusskih vzaimosvjazej v jepose [To the problems of the study of the yakut-tungus borrowings in the epic]. In: Vestnik Severo-Vostochnogo federal'nogo universiteta imeni M. K. Ammosova: Serija Jeposovedenie [Vestnik of Notrh-Eastern Federal university: Series Epic studies]. 2018, No. 2 (10), pp. 22-30. doi: 10.25587/SVFU.2018.10.14550.