EPIC HEROES AND TRICKSTERS IN THE ASPECT OF THE CALENDAR MYTH

Abstract

In the folklore of the peoples of Northern Eurasia, two stories occupy an important place. First, a trickster plot, describes the struggle for survival of a small, mobile creature with a large, old and unwieldy ogre (giant). Another describes the exploits of the hero, the late son of a childless couple. These two plots are presented in the form of a heroic epic and trickster cycles. The latter in Northern Eurasia was identified and studied in detail only for Chukotka and Kamchatka (the Raven Cycle), to an incomparably lesser extent it was studied in Ob Ugrians, Samoyeds, Kets and Tungus-speaking peoples of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. The heroic epic was studied in detail in Buryats, Yakuts, Dolgans and Turkic-speaking peoples of Altai, and very few in Kets, Ob Ugrians, Samoyeds and Tungus-speaking peoples. In the texts of North Eurasia, it is very difficult to identify a clear sight of the trickster and heroes. The person of the ogre, one of the hypostases of “the world evil”, being the third corner of this triangle, in fact complements this pair, giving meaning to the acts of heroes and tricksters. Semantics of connections of these images has not been analyzed before. The heroic epic and tricksterism in Eastern and Western Eurasia have many similarities that are not accidental. The paper reveals the similarities and differences between the images of the trickster and the hero, as well as their role inversions, due to the borrowing (overflowing) of some characteristic features. Migration of the population to the Urals, Siberia and the Far East from Western Eurasia during the last Holocene was accompanied not only by the transfer of the achievements of material culture, but also by the transfer of myths and symbols, which are not always recognizable, as they went through many stages of transformation and symbiosis. The analysis of plots and images in the “triangle” trickster – hero-ogre reveals the features of their symbiosis, due to the inversion, as well as their role in the calendar myth.

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