STORYTELLING OF KALMYK

Abstract

The article is devoted to the problems of studying the phenomenon of storytelling in the folk tradition of the Kalmyks. The purpose of the article is to reveal the features of the Kalmyks' storytelling. In the course of the study, biographies of storytellers, fairy tales and legends and stories about obtaining a narrative gift were studied in detail. The relevance of the research topic is due to the need for academic study of the phenomenon of storytelling. The acquisition of the “narrative gift”, the question of the degree of influence of objective and subjective conditions in the development of the narrator is still open in both national and world folklore.

In the folk tradition of the Kalmyks, the narrator is the bearer and keeper of a wide variety of knowledge, experience, spiritual values and traditions. The name of the narrator is surrounded by legends about the origin of the gift of the epic narrator-dzhangarchi. A study of the biographies of storytellers-dzhangarchi allowed to reveal storytelling school is a family dzhangarchi who transmit their skills and repertoire. Since ancient times, around the names of the performers of the epic there reigned a halo of mystery: these are stories about receiving a gift from the singer under unusual circumstances, most often in a dream. Stories about getting a particular narrator-tuulcha or dzhangarchi were popular in the Kalmyk folk tradition. This is confirmed by many studies on the history of the role of the narrators of a people. However, each narrator has his own individual style, creativity of each requires individual study. In the performing tradition of the nomadic society, the narrator performed in different roles as a musician, a diviner, a singer. We identified that the most important condition for the preservation of the institute of storytelling is a tradition of performance, commitment dzhangarchi to one or another of the epic school, and equally important is the ritual of performance. The considered texts of legends about the origin of the gift of storytellers are a reflection of the people's interest in the performers of the epic.

Acknowledgements: The article was carried out within the framework of the State Order “The Code of Kalmyk Folklore. Preparation of volumes: Volume «Kalmyk tales about animals, household, cumulative tales and fables»” (project № № АААА-А16-116053010037-9).

References

1. Basangova T. G. Legendy i predaniya o poluchenii skazitelskogo dara u kalmykov [Legends and stories about obtaining a narrative gift of the Kalmyks]. In: “Dzhangar” i epicheskie tradicii narodov Evrazii: problemy issledovaniya i sohraneniya[“Dzhangar” and epic traditions of the peoples of Eurasia: problems of research and preservation]: materialy Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii (g. Elista, 20-23 sentyabrya 2011 g.). Elista, KIGI RAN, 2011, pp. 53-54.
2. Putilov B. N. Epicheskoe skazitelstvo: tipologiya i etnicheskaya specifika [Epic narration: typology and ethnic specificity]. Moscow, Vostochnaya literatura, RAN, 1997, 295 p.
3. “Dzhangar”. Spisok Maloderbetovskogo ulusa (9 avgusta 1862 g.). Ruk. na starokalmyckoj pism. original zapisi poemy “Dogshn shar gүrgү…” [“Dzhangar”. List of Maloderbetovsky ulus (August 9, 1862). Manuscript of the Old-Kalmyk of written original of the recording of the poem “Dogshn Shar Grigor” ...]. In: Rukopisnyj fond Vostochnogo fakulteta SPbGU [Manuscript collection of Oriental faculty of SPbSU]. Shifr: XyLQ 544, “Dzhangar”, 28 s.
4. Kalmyckij narodnyj epos. Epicheskij repertuar dzhangarchi M. Basangova [Kalmyk national epic. Epic repertory of dzhangarchi M. Basangov] / per., predisl., komm. N. C. Bitkeeva. Elista, Kalm. kn. izd-vo, 1988, 154 p.
5. Kichikov A. Sh. Issledovanie geroicheskogo eposa “Dzhangar”: voprosy istoricheskoj poetiki [Study of the heroic epic “Dzhangar”: questions of historical poetics]. Elista, Kalm. kn. izd-vo, 1976, 176 p.
6. “Dzhangar”. Zapisan ot Davy Chukinovicha Shavalieva 46 let. Elista, 1939 g. [“Dzhangar”. Recorded from Dava Chukinovich Shavaliev, 46 y. o. Elista, 1939]. In: Arhiv KalmNC RAN [Archive of KalmSC RAS]. F. 21, ed. hr. 6, 24 s.
7. Bordzhanova T. G., Mandzhieva B. B. Epicheskij repertuar kalmyckogo skazitelya Dava Shavalieva [Epic repertory of Kalmyk storyteller Dava Shavaliev]. In: Etnopoetika i tradiciya. K 70-letiyu chlena-korrespondenta RAN Viktora Mixajlovicha Gacaka [Ethnopoetics and traditions. To 70th anniversary of corresponding member of RAS Viktor Mikhailovich Gatsak]: sb. st. Moscow, Nauka, 2004, pp. 83-93.
8. Doraeva R. P. Folklorno-dialektologicheskaya ekspediciya 1970 goda [Folklore-dialectological expedition in 1970]. In: Uchenye zapiski Zabajkalskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya: Filologiya, istoriya, vostokovedenie. Vyp. 11 [Proceedings of Zabaikalsky state university.Series: Philology, history, oriental studies. Iss. 11]. Elista, KNIIYALI, 1973, pp. 214-219.
9. Ya izuchayu kalmyckij: kalmycko-russkij slovar’ [I learn Kalmyk language: Kalmyk-Russian dictionary] / sost. E. Ch. Bardaev, A. Sh. Kichikov i dr. Elista, Kalmyckoe kn. izd-vo, 2004, 1016 p.
10. Bordzhanova T. G. Magicheskaya poeziya kalmykov [Magic poetry of Kalmyks]. Elista, APP “Dzhangar”, 1999, 199 p.
11. Informant Ambekova B. P. 1920 g. r. [Informant Ambekova B. P. born in 1920]. In: Lichnyj arxiv T. G. Basangovoj. Polevye zapisi 1977 g. [Personal archive of T. G. Basangova. Field notes of 1977]. 30 s.
12. Halmg tuuls. T. 4 [Halmg tuuls. Vol. 4]. Elista, Kalm. kn. izd-vo, 1974, 272 p. (In Kalmyk lang.)
13. Ovalov E. B. Legenda o Dzhangare v zapisi B. Bergmann[Legend of Dzhangar in writing by B. Bergmann]. In: Tipologicheskie i hudozhestvennye osobennosti “Dzhangara”[Typological and artistic peculiarities of “Dzhangar”]. Elista, 1978, pp. 63-64.
14. Vladimircov B. Ya. Mongolo-ojratskij geroicheskij epos [Mongol-Oirot heroic epic]. Petrograd, Moscow, Tipografiya “Sveto”, 1923, 253 p.
15. Basang Dordzhiev. O devushke-dzhangarchi [About dzhangarchi-girl]. In: Teegin Gerl [Teegin Girl]. Elista, 1990, No. 2, p. 110.