Features of the use of Deictic pronouns in the texts of Khakas heroic tales

Abstract

The article presents the results of a study of deictic (indicative) pronouns reflected in the texts of the Khakas heroic tales Altyn Aryg, Albynchy, Akh Chibek Aryg, recorded from the famous Khakas folk epicteller and improviser S. P. Kadyshev (1885–1977); Ai Khuuchyn, recorded from the epic-teller P. V. Kurbizhekov (1910–1966); Khara Khuskhun, recorded from the epic-teller P. V. Todanov; and Ai Michiknen Kyun Michik, recorded from the words of the epic-teller P. T. Borgoyakov. Like other indicative words, deictic pronouns serve to determine the degree of remoteness of the object relative to the position of the speaker (“deictic center”). Each language has its own system for determining the degree of remoteness of the subject relative to the deictic center. In some languages, there is a binomial system, in others – a three-term system. In the Khakas language, the degree of remoteness of objects relative to the speaking person is determined through a three-term system: proximal (“closer to the speaking person”), medial (“a little further from the speaking person”), and extreme (“far from the speaking person”). As our research material shows, in the texts of Khakas heroic tales, the degree of remoteness of objects is more often carried out through a binomial system (proximal and extreme), with the medial one being rare. The relevance of this study is due to the fact that deictic pronouns are active in use and are of great interest to linguist researchers. The need to study demonstrative pronouns in the texts of Khakas heroic tales is caused by the lack of elaboration of this issue on the material under consideration, which determines the relebance of the study. The purpose of the article is to identify demonstrative pronouns in the texts of Khakas heroic tales. The objectives of the study include the identification and analysis of all demonstrative pronouns found in heroic tales. The analysis of the factual material was carried out using a set of linguistic methods and techniques. The method of continuous sampling of examples (providing for the selection of examples for analysis and writing out all the examples of the analyzed type from the texts of heroic tales in a row), descriptive (to identify demonstrative pronouns and their consistent description from the point of view of their functioning) method were recognized as the most promising in solving the tasks set. As a result of the study, indicative pronouns of proximal, medial and extreme deixis were identified and analyzed; indicative pronouns relevant to the language of the heroic epic were determined. The results obtained can be used in the reading of lecture courses on the Khakas language at the philological faculties of universities, in the compilation of educational and teaching aids, dictionaries. In the future, interesting results can be obtained from studies of demonstrative pronouns characteristic of the texts of heroic tales, in comparative and comparative-typological coverage.

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